— “What?! Binned by a cold?” NHS (England) Staff Sickness Absence Rates per Month (per 100k) by Staff Group and Condition 2019–2026.

‘Breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing produce infectious aerosols in clinical environments. Coughing produces more aerosols than endotracheal intubation.’

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has designated SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, a Hazard Group 3 (HG3) pathogen that can cause severe human disease. The United Kingdom’s Health Security Agency (UKHSA) classifies SARS-CoV-2 as a notifiable organism, and COVID-19 as a notifiable disease (2026).

‘FRSMs [Surgical Masks] have never been considered either adequate or suitable equipment for protection against inhalable or respirable risks under COSHH.’

❦ If parents, and politicians and teachers, and healthcare workers and public health bodies wanted things to change, all they need do is read . It’s all there. But they don’t. They won’t. And they insist on their medical and scientific flat-earthing – hand-sanitiser for aerosol-transmitted disease – because they prefer the world to be flat. So let them walk off the edge of the world. [ Caveat: The earth is not flat, and doing nothing will not flatten the curve – but walk far enough, and you are likely to fall off a cliff.] © 2024 C19.Life

‘This study included 5248 healthcare workers. While 33.6% reported prolonged COVID-19 symptoms consistent with PCS, only 7.4% reported a formal diagnosis of PCS. Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, and anxiety or depression were the most common PCS [Post-COVID-19 Syndrome] symptoms. Baseline risk factors for reporting PCS included screening for common mental disorders, direct contact with COVID-19 patients, pre-existing respiratory illnesses, female sex and older age.’

‘In those school-rooms where ventilation is imperfect and the air impure, six sevenths of the money expended to educate a child is wasted.’ ❂ The Ventilation and Warming of School Buildings (1887) By Gilbert B. Morrison Published by D. Appleton and Company, New York. 1887. Accessed 10 Apr 2024 Preface (p.xxii) ❦ ‘I am fully convinced that people are prematurely dying by thousands simply from a lack of correct and positive convictions concerning impure air; for, when the true nature of a danger is fully appreciated, the requisite means to avert it will generally be found.’ ❂ Chapter II: The Effects Of Breathing Impure Air (pp.20-23) ❦ ‘Impure air is also believed by the best authorities to be one of the principal causes of epidemics. Dr. Carpenter, than whom there is no abler authority, says: “It is impossible for anyone who carefully examines the evidence to hesitate for a moment in the conclusion that the fatality of epidemics is almost invariably in precise proportion to the degree in which an impure atmosphere has been habitually respired.” The Board of Health of New York conclude that forty per cent of all deaths are caused by breathing impure air. In view of such alarming facts, this same board declares: “Viewing the causes of preventable diseases, and their fatal results, we unhesitatingly state that the first sanitary want in New York and Brooklyn is ventilation .” Direct experiment proves that the air in our school-rooms is impure in almost all cases, and in a majority of them to a degree far beyond the danger line. In view of these facts, and the results as proved by the authorities above cited, why is it regarded by the public with such indifference? When a school-house is blown down by a hurricane, killing and maiming a score of children, it is justly regarded as a great calamity; a vacation is given to quiet the excited fears of parents and children; investigating committees are appointed to locate the responsibility, and the faces of the whole populace are blanched with apprehension. Why is this? Why does the intelligent parent send his child to a school-room poorly ventilated and crowded with children, some of whom are breathing into a stagnant air the germs of disease and death, while others, from unwashed bodies, are delivering into it their deadly emanations, and all without a protest on the part of those even who provide proper hygienic conditions at home? It is because the effects of the one are immediate, occupy little time, the number killed can be actually counted, and the exact magnitude of the calamity estimated all at once. In the other case the process is slower, but of far greater extent; the actual results are by the general public less definitely known, and custom and attention to other matters divert the attention, and the deadly destruction of the innocents by impure air goes on silently, constantly, and powerfully. While noisy demonstrations like that of the cyclone attract attention, and inspire fear and terror, it is in the silent forces that the danger lies. Nature’s most destructive forces, as well as her strongest constructive ones, are silent in their operations; but when Science detects a silent, insidious enemy to human welfare, it is not only our duty to assume an attitude of self-defense and self-protection, but it should be regarded as folly not to do so.’ ❦ On high CO₂ levels connected to poor performance in schools: ‘The effects of breathing impure air thus far considered are pathological, but it has its pedagogical and economical aspects. Every observing teacher knows the immediate relation between the vitiated air in the school-room and the work he wishes the pupils to perform. Much of the disappointment of poor lessons and the tendency to disorder are due directly to this cause. The brain unsupplied with a proper amount of pure blood [oxygen] refuses to act, and the will is powerless to arouse the flagging energies; the general feeling of discomfort, dissatisfaction, and unrest which always accompanies a bad state of the blood. From an economical standpoint it would, of course, be impossible to estimate the financial waste of breathing impure air, but it can not but be enormous. In any discussion of the feasibility of incurring the additional expense of the most perfect ventilation, this loss occasioned by the want of such ventilation must not be ignored.’ ❂ Chapter III: The Air (pp.25-26) ❦ On ventilation, air filtration, and the super-spreading of diverse diseases in classrooms: ‘Wherever an unusual amount of unwholesome matter is being evolved, there especially should the purifying conditions be present; air in such places, to remain pure, must be changed in rapid succession, in order that dilution, diffusion, and oxidation may fulfill their legitimate functions. In a school-room the contaminating process can not but be rapid, and wherever ample provision is not made for rapidly changing the air of the room a dangerous condition of affairs is sure to exist. Bacteria of many forms, and spores of fungi, are also found in the air, and all these organisms are known to thrive in the organic impurities found in the air.’ ❂ Chapter IV: Examination Of The Air (p.33) ❦ On measuring CO₂ levels as a proxy to establishing content of (infectious) re-breathed air: ‘A complete analysis of impure air comprehends the quantitative and qualitative tests for carbonic [sic] dioxide, free ammonia, and other nitrogenous matter, oxidizable matters, nitrous and nitric acids, and hydrogen sulphide; but for ordinary practical purposes the determination of the CO₂ is by far the most important, and is ordinarily the only one which need be made. While the poisonous qualities of the air are not wholly due to the presence of the CO₂ per se, the amount of this gas found to be present is, in air made impure by respiration, generally a good measure for other impurities to which the poisonous quality is principally due. Owing to this fact, a careful test for the amount of CO₂ contained in a given atmosphere is generally the only one which need be made where air is tested merely to determine its respiratory purity.’ ❂ 📖 (Accessed 10 Apr 2024 ~ D. Appleton & Company / Google Books) The Ventilation and Warming of School Buildings ➤ ❂ My thanks to Maarten De Cock for alerting me to this gem of a book. ➲

❦ A comprehensive collection of review articles from 1987 to 2022 regarding airborne transmission of pathogens , curated by Jonathan Mesiano-Crookston. ❂ Accessed : 4 March 2024 . 📖 (November 2022 ~ Geoscience Frontiers) Aerosol Transmission of Human Pathogens: From Miasmata to Modern Viral Pandemics and Their Preservation Potential in the Anthropocene Record ➤ 📖 (21 Aug 2022 ~ Indoor Air) What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic? ➤ 📖 (31 Jan 2022 ~ Indoor Air: Editorial) Hypothesis: All respiratory viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are aerosol-transmitted ➤ 📖 (November 2021 ~ Interface Focus) How Did We Get Here: What Are Droplets and Aerosols and How Far Do They Go? A Historical Perspective on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases➤ 📖 (27 Aug 2021 ~ Science ) Airborne Transmission of Respiratory Viruses ➤ 📖 (August 2021 ~ Nature Reviews: Microbiology) Transmissibility and Transmission of Respiratory Viruses ➤ 📖 (July 2021 ~ Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering) Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases ➤ 📖 (14 May 2021 ~ Science) A Paradigm Shift to Combat Indoor Respiratory Infection ➤ 📖 (1 May 2021 ~ The Lancet) Ten Scientific Reasons in Support of Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ➤ 📖 (18 Jan 2021 ~ Clinical Infectious Diseases) Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: What We Know ➤ 📖 (12 Jan 2021 ~ The Journal of Hospital Infection) Dismantling Myths on the Airborne Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ➤ 📖 (1 Jan 2021 ~ Canadian Medical Association Journal) Mitigating Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ➤ 📖 (November 2020 ~ Environment International) Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, Prevention and Control➤ 📖 (16 Oct 2020 ~ Science) Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ➤ 📖 (1 Sep 2020 ~ Environment International) How Can Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 Indoors Be Minimised? ➤ 📖 (August 2020 ~ Anaesthesia) Airborne Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 to Healthcare Workers: A Narrative Review ➤ 📖 (6 July 2020 ~ Clinical Infectious Diseases) It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ➤ 📖 (June 2020 ~ Environment International) Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The World Should Face the Reality➤ 📖 (May 2020 ~ Risk Analysis) Consideration of the Aerosol Transmission for COVID‐19 and Public Health➤ 📖 (16 April 2020 ~ The Journal of Infectious Diseases) Airborne or Droplet Precautions for Health Workers Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019? ➤ 📖 (26 March 2020 ~ JAMA) Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19 ➤ 📖 (28 Aug 2019 ~ Encyclopedia of Microbiology) Airborne Infectious Microorganisms ➤ 📖 (31 Jan 2019 ~ BMC Infectious Diseases) Recognition of Aerosol Transmission of Infectious Agents: A Commentary➤ 📖 (September 2016 ~ American Journal of Infection Control) Generic Aspects of the Airborne Spread of Human Pathogens Indoors and Emerging Air Decontamination Technologies ➤ 📖 (15 Nov 2011 ~ Advances in Preventive Medicine) Preventing Airborne Disease Transmission: Review of Methods for Ventilation Design in Health Care Facilities ➤ 📖 (October 2006 ~ The Journal of Hospital Infection) Factors Involved in the Aerosol Transmission of Infection and Control of Ventilation in Healthcare Premises ➤ 📖 (January 1987 ~ Critical Reviews in Environmental Control) Spread of Viral Infections by Aerosols➤ ✾ © 2024 Jonathan Mesiano-Crookston ➤

In late October 2020 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) belatedly admitted that SARS-CoV-2 – the virus that causes COVID-19 – is airborne . SARS-CoV-2 is airborne , without any shadow of scientific doubt – and is primarily and predominantly transmitted via infectious microscopic aerosols through the air at both short and long range . To extol hand-washing as a primary defence against SARS-CoV-2 infection is about as stupid as promising a two-pack-a-day smoker that the simple formula of soap + water will prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer.

‘The very first canon of nursing... the first essential to the patient... is this: to keep the air he breathes as pure as the external air, without chilling him .’ ❂ Notes on Nursing (1860 edition) By Florence Nightingale First Published 1859. Revised edition reprinted in 1860 by Harrison of Pall Mall Accessed 19 Feb 2024 ❦ Chapter I – Ventilation and Warming ‘The very first canon of nursing, the first and the last thing upon which a nurse’s attention must be fixed, the first essential to the patient, without which all the rest you can do for him is as nothing, with which I had almost said you may leave all the rest alone, is this: TO KEEP THE AIR HE BREATHES AS PURE AS THE EXTERNAL AIR, WITHOUT CHILLING HIM. Yet what is so little attended to? Even where it is thought of at all, the most extraordinary misconceptions reign about it. Even in admitting air into the patient’s room or ward, few people ever think where that air comes from. It may come from a corridor into which other wards are ventilated, from a hall, always unaired, always full of the fumes of gas, dinner, of various kinds of mustiness; from an underground kitchen, sink, wash-house, water-closet, or even, as I myself have had sorrowful experience, from open sewers loaded with filth; and with this the patient’s room or ward is aired, as it is called – poisoned, it should rather be said. Always air from the air without, and that, too, through those windows, through which the air comes freshest. From a closed court, especially if the wind do not blow that way, air may come as stagnant as any from a hall or corridor. I know an intelligent humane house surgeon who makes a practice of keeping the ward windows open. The physicians and surgeons invariably close them while going their rounds; and the house surgeon, very properly, as invariably opens them whenever the doctors have turned their backs. I have known a medical officer keep his ward windows hermetically closed, thus exposing the sick to all the dangers of an infected atmosphere, because he was afraid that, by admitting fresh air, the temperature of the ward would be too much lowered. This is a destructive fallacy. To attempt to keep a ward warm at the expense of making the sick repeatedly breathe their own hot, humid, putrescing atmosphere is a certain way to delay recovery or to destroy life.’ ❂ ‘I have known cases of hospital pyæmia quite as severe in handsome private houses as in any of the worst hospitals, and from the same cause, viz., foul air. Yet nobody learnt the lesson. Nobody learnt anything at all from it.’ ❂ ✪ C-19: On schools ‘Of all places, public or private schools, where a number of children or young persons sleep in the same dormitory * , require this test of freshness to be constantly applied.’ * [ C-19 Note: You might substitute ‘sleep’ and ‘dormitory’ with ‘study’ and ‘classroom’ in this section.] ‘If it be hazardous for two children to sleep together in an unventilated bedroom, it is more than doubly so to have four, and much more than trebly so to have six under the same circumstances. People rarely remember this; yet, if parents were as solicitous about the air of school bedrooms as they are about the food the children are to eat, and the kind of education they are to receive, at school, depend upon it due attention would be bestowed on this vitally important matter, and they would cease to have their children sent home either ill, or because scarlet fever or some other “current contagion” had broken out in the school. There are schools where attention is paid to these things, and where “children’s epidemics” are unknown.’ ❂ ✪ C-19: Offices, shops, factories, and other workplaces ‘How much sickness, death, and misery are produced by the present state of many factories, warehouses, workshops, and workrooms!’ ‘How much sickness, death, and misery are produced by the present state of many factories, warehouses, workshops, and workrooms! The places where poor dressmakers, tailors, letter-press printers, and other similar trades have to work for their living, are generally in a worse sanitary condition than any other portion of our worst towns. Many of these places of work were never constructed for such an object. They are badly adapted garrets, sitting-rooms, or bedrooms, generally of an inferior class of house. No attention is paid to cubic space or ventilation. The poor workers are crowded on the floor to a greater extent than occurs with any other kind of over-crowding. The constant breathing of foul air, saturated with moisture, and the action of such air upon the skin renders the inmates peculiarly susceptible of the impression of cold, which is an index indeed of the danger of pulmonary disease to which they are exposed. The result is, that they make bad worse, by over-heating the air and closing up every cranny through which ventilation could be obtained. In such places, and under such circumstances of constrained posture, want of exercise, hurried and insufficient meals, long exhausting labour and foul air – is it wonderful that a great majority of them die early of chest disease, generally of consumption? Intemperance is a common evil of these workshops. The men can only complete their work under the influence of stimulants, which help to undermine their health and destroy their morals, while hurrying them to premature graves. Employers rarely consider these things. Healthy workrooms are no part of the bond into which they enter with their work-people. They pay their money, which they reckon their part of the bargain. And for this wage the workman or workwoman has to give work, health, and life. Do men and women who employ fashionable tailors and milliners ever think of these things? And yet the master is no gainer. His goods are spoiled by foul air and gas fumes, his own health and that of his family suffers, and his work is not so well done as it would be, were his people in health. And the time will come when it will be found cheaper to supply shops, warehouses, and work-rooms with pure air than with foul air.’ ‘And the time will come when it will be found cheaper to supply shops, warehouses, and work-rooms with pure air than with foul air.’ ❂ ✪ C-19: On ‘air-tests’, and measuring CO₂ as a proxy for estimating prevalence of airborne disease indoors ‘Dr. Angus Smith’s air-test, if it could be made of simple application, would be invaluable to use in every sleeping and sick room. Just as without the use of a thermometer no nurse should ever put a patient into a bath, so, if this air-test were made in some equally simple form, should no nurse, or mother, or superintendent, be without it in any ward, nursery, or sleeping-room. But to be used, the air-test must be made as simple a little instrument as the thermometer, and both should be self-registering. ‘...the air-test must be made as simple a little instrument as the thermometer, and both should be self-registering.’ The senses of nurses and mothers become so dulled to foul air that they are perfectly unconscious of what an atmosphere they have let their children, patients, or charges sleep in. But if the tell-tale air-test were to exhibit in the morning, both to nurses and patient and to the superior officer going round, what the atmosphere has been during the night, I question if any greater security could be afforded against a recurrence of the misdemeanour.’ ❂ ✪ C-19: ... And back to the school-room, testing its air, and combatting airborne pathogens ‘And, oh! the crowded national school! where so many children’s epidemics have their origin; and the crowded, unventilated work-room, which sends so many consumptive men and women to the grave; what a tale its air-test would tell! We should have parents saying, and saying rightly, “I will not send my child to that school. I will not trust my son or my daughter in that tailor’s or milliner’s workshop, the air-test stands at ‘Horrid.’” ‘We should have parents saying, and saying rightly, “I will not send my child to that school... the air-test stands at Horrid .”’ And the dormitories of our great boarding schools! Scarlet fever would be no more ascribed to contagion but to its right cause, the air-test standing at “Foul.” We should hear no longer of “mysterious dispensations,” nor of “plague and pestilence” being “in God’s hands,” when, so far as we know, He has put them into our own. The little air-test would both betray the cause of these “mysterious pestilences,” and call upon us to remedy it.’ ❂ ❦ Chapter II – Health of Houses ‘There are five essential points in securing the health of houses:– Pure air. Pure water. Efficient drainage. Cleanliness. Light. Without these, no house can be healthy. And it will be unhealthy just in proportion as they are deficient. To have pure air, your house must be so constructed as that the outer atmosphere shall find its way with ease to every corner of it. ‘To have pure air, your house must be so constructed as that the outer atmosphere shall find its way with ease to every corner of it.’ House architects hardly ever consider this. The object in building a house is to obtain the largest interest for the money, not to save doctor’s bills to the tenants. But, if tenants should ever become so wise as to refuse to occupy unhealthily constructed houses, and if Insurance Companies should ever come to understand their interest so thoroughly as to pay a Sanitary Surveyor to look after the houses where their clients live, speculative architects would speedily be brought to their senses. As it is, they build what pays best. And there are always people foolish enough to take the houses they build. And if in the course of time the families die off, as is so often the case, nobody ever thinks of blaming any but Providence for the result. Ill-informed medical men aid in sustaining the delusion, by laying the blame on “current contagions”. Badly constructed houses do for the healthy what badly constructed hospitals do for the sick.’ ‘Badly constructed houses do for the healthy what badly constructed hospitals do for the sick.’ ❂ ❦ Conclusion ‘The whole of the preceding remarks apply even more to children and to puerperal women than to patients in general. They also apply to the nursing of surgical, quite as much as to that of medical cases. Indeed, if it be possible, cases of external injury require such care even more than sick. In surgical wards, one duty of every nurse certainly is prevention. Fever, or hospital gangrene, or pyæmia, or purulent discharge of some kind may else supervene. If she allows her ward to become filled with the peculiar close fœtid smell, so apt to be produced among surgical cases, especially where there is great suppuration and discharge, she may see a vigorous patient in the prime of life gradually sink and die where, according to all human probability, he ought to have recovered. The surgical nurse must be ever on the watch, ever on her guard, against want of cleanliness, foul air, want of light, and of warmth.’ ‘In surgical wards, one duty of every nurse certainly is prevention.’ ❂ 📖 (Accessed 19 Feb 2024 ~ Original text copied from FiftyWordsForSnow.com) Notes on Nursing (1860) ➤ 📖 (Accessed 19 Feb 2024 ~ Original scanned pages from Google Books) Notes on Nursing (1860) ➤ ❂

❦ LitCovid is the most comprehensive online resource on SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19, providing access to 417,800+ relevant articles on PubMed. The library of scientific articles is updated daily, and categorised by different research topics (e.g. transmission), as well as geographic locations. ➲ Date accessed: 18 Feb 2024 . ❂ ❦ Useful Categories ✪ Transmission ➤ Characteristics and modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. ✪ Prevention ➤ Prevention, control, response and management strategies. ✪ Long Covid ➤ Post-COVID-19 Conditions/Complications (PCC) / Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). ✪ Case Reports ➤ Descriptions of specific patient cases. ✪ Treatments ➤ Treatment strategies, therapeutic procedures, and vaccine development. ✪ Forecasting ➤ Modelling, and estimating the trend of SARS-CoV-2 spread. ❂ ➲ LitCovid Online Library ➤ © 2024 National Institutes for Health (NIH) / National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) / U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM USA).

❦ Mitigation = ‘Lessening the force or intensity of something unpleasant; the act of making a condition or consequence less severe.’ 1. Clean indoor air . The priority should be air filters in schools and hospitals . New ventilation and air filtration standards for all public spaces . Grants made available to businesses to upgrade ventilation and air filtration . 2. FFP2/3 [N95/N99] respirators (masks) in all healthcare settings . 3. Free Covid vaccines available to everyone. 4. Wider access to Covid anti-viral treatments . 5. Free LFT/PCR testing . 6. Improved Covid surveillance , including wastewater monitoring and Long Covid prevalence . 7. Paid sick-leave , so that people don’t go to work when ill. 8. Respirators (masks) on public transport , including flights . 9. Better support and treatments for Long Covid patients . ... and last, but by no means least: 10. A public education campaign on the long-term risks of Covid – and why people should do more to protect themselves. ❦ Addendum : Allocate adequate research funding for a sterilising vaccine as well as treatments/cure for Long Covid . ❂ © 2024 Cat in the Hat . ➲

❦ Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with subsampling focused globally since pandemic start. All data and data visualisation by © 2025 NextStrain.org / GISAID.org .

‘Although COVID-19 was originally considered a respiratory illness, it is now well established that SARS-CoV-2 infection can have far-reaching impacts on the nervous system. Common neurological symptoms in Long COVID [PASC] include new-onset cognitive difficulties, dysautonomia, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy.’ from ‘Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID’ by Moen et al / Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (2025).

‘Children and adolescents face a significantly higher risk of various PASC outcomes after reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. Our paediatric findings also align with adult studies.  Research in adults shows that long COVID [PASC] symptoms often worsen with repeated infections, suggesting potential shared mechanisms across age groups.’

‘The arrival of the Omicron variant marked a major shift, introducing numerous extra mutations in the spike gene compared with earlier variants. Before Omicron, natural infection provided strong and durable protection against reinfection, with minimal waning over time. However, during the Omicron era, protection was robust only for those recently infected, declining rapidly over time and diminishing within a year.’

‘Over a 3-year follow-up period, individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection had significantly higher risks of developing HPV-related cancers compared to those without infection: a 67% increase in cervical cancer, 131% in vaginal cancer, 98% in vulvar cancer, 92% in anal cancer, and 78% in oropharyngeal cancer. Similar trends were observed for carcinoma in situ, with increased risks of 34% for cervical, 61% for vaginal, 74% for vulvar, 96% for anal, and 78% for oropharyngeal carcinoma in situ.’

‘In the 12 months of follow-up, people with COVID-19 who did not require admission to hospital during the acute phase of infection had increased test-positivity rates for bacterial infections (in blood, urine, and respiratory cultures) and viral diseases (including Epstein–Barr virus, herpes simplex virus reactivation, and respiratory viral infections). Compared with people admitted to hospital for seasonal influenza, those admitted for COVID-19 had higher rates of admission to hospital for infectious illnesses (increased risk of 24%), admission to hospital for sepsis (increased risk of 35%), and in-hospital use of antimicrobials (increased risk of 23%).’

CBC Radio-Canada interview with long COVID [PASC] researcher David Putrino from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.